A Thousand Splendid Suns: Mariam’s Relationship with Her Father

Unfortunatly, Mariam’s relationship with her father leads her to an abusive marriage which she cannot prevail due to her role as a women. Mariam being forced into an arranged marriage accepted by Jalil. One of mariams main conflicts is She is forced into an arranged marriage with a person who is much older to her in age. Mariam’s submission to destiny and adversity is not limited to leading an abusive and unhappy married life. She unfortunately is not able to conceive a child which makes Rasheed more violent and angry towards Mariam. Rasheed is often agitated that she is not fertile and his ambition to have a son is not materializing. Her childless marriage to Rasheed eventually forces Mariam into a life of submission and misery. Mariam is under terriable adversity, that Rasheed is not worth loving and ulitamtly she is not able to have a child to love. All of Mariams sources of having a loving family is sealed and she finds no strength to prevail the life that’s ahead of her. In the scene Mariam recollects how she played with pebbles her father had gave her when she was a child, and how the pebbles represented a sense of family of love and self belonging towards Mariam. But when Rasheed made her â€Å"CHEW† the pebbles due to her lack of love in her food. She spit out blood breaking too molars . Mariam realizes the powerful adversity she is facing and to add to her hurt Rasheed spits at Mariam saying ,†Now you know what you have given me in this marriage. Bad food and nothing else†[104]. This quotes reveals that mariam is facing adversity in her life,due to the effortless tastless food she made for Rasheed. She had given up and lost this hope of having love and self belonging she was longing to have. Hosseini suggest about mariam that her marriage to Rasheed had created more adversitites in her life, and giving up the hope and strength to prevail against this powerful adversity.

Organic Chemistry Laboratory †Formal Report Essay

Introduction The study is about distillation. Distillation is a process of converting a liquid to a vapor, and then, collecting the distillate in another container. This technique is used to separate components in a liquid mixture which have different boiling points, or to separate a component that is not volatile. It is one of the methods used when purifying liquids. For example, it is used to concentrate alcoholic beverages. The four distillation methods include simple distillation, fractional distillation, vacuum distillation (distillation at a reduced pressure), and steam distillation. The objective of the study is to differentiate simple from fractional distillation, separate the components of the alcohol beverage used, and to calculate the percentage of ethanol in the beverage. Simple and fractional distillation are the methods to be used since it is the most efficient to be used in this experiment. Since the experiment worked only on the two methods, the other two methods will not be studied. Methodology The equipment used are the condenser, boiling stones, beaker, thermometer, distilling flask, alcohol lamp, iron stand, wire gauze, iron clamp and test tubes that were calibrated. Vodka is the substance that was distilled. First, the group put up the distillation set up by assembling the instruments, heating the alcohol lamp, turning the water on and then heating the vodka which was contained in the distilling flask with the boiling stones. Then the group waited for the first drop of the distillate and then recorded it. After heating and getting a lot of distillates, the group stopped when the temperature reached 98 degrees Celsius. The group then tested the first and the last drop of the distillate. It was tested by placing it in an evaporating dish then igniting it with a match. The first drop was proved that it contained ethanol because it was combustible. The last drop however, was inflammable. Results and Discussions During the experiment, the group observed that the first drop of the distillate was collected when the thermometer reached 78 degrees Celsius. This shows that the volatility of ethanol is 78 degrees Celsius. Distillates were collected every time the temperature increased by 1 or 2. The group stopped at 98 degrees Celsius because if it goes beyond that, water, with a volatility of 100 degrees Celsius, will also evaporate. References [1] Bayquen, A., Cruz, C., De Guia, R., Lampa, F., Pena, G., Sarile, A., Torres, P., (2009) Laboratory Manual in Organic Chemistry.

Brand Strategy for Supermarket Industry in Hong Kong

Brand Strategy for Supermarket Industry in Hong Kong The advent of computers and technological innovation that has faced mankind in the recent past coupled with varied customers need and aspiration has left the business world to be highly competitive. For this reason, there are a number of strategies that organizations have used to cut for themselves a market edge in this competitive business world. The main strategy is branding usually followed by advertisement and publicity. The concept of branding has come out to be deemed by management of any organization as a top priority (Chaudhuri 2001). Additionally, it has been categorized together with human workforce to be the most valuable assets within an organization. It has been argued that brand building is a long process that utilizes a lot of resources and cannot be separated from advertisement and strong marketing strategies. Organizations have resorted to branding with the belief that it will save them from failing as it will enhance the value of the product/organization. However, many of these organizations fail to have prior knowledge that adequate planning is key to successful branding (Kotler 1997). For this reason, long-term promotion prop up for a brand, on the basis of definitions of the distinctiveness of the target consumers is necessary. Additionally, understanding of customers preferences, aspirations and expectations from the brand need to be considered. History and transition of branding Historically, ‘brand’ was though to mean a hot or burning thing and thus associated with marking of animals with unique symbols so that owners can easily identify them (Gregory, 2003). The process involved burning an iron that has been fashioned into a distinct symbol then pressed on the animal skin leaving a permanent mark. Over the years the term has been used in a wider context especially in the field of business to refer to â€Å"name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one selle r or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other sellers (Chaudhuri 2002). One notable example of earlier use of branding in China, where merchants used branding names â€Å"Misty Mountain Tea†, or â€Å"Garden in the Sky Tea† to sell poor quality garden tea to buyers Oscar Wilde wrote that pessimist is an individual that who is a ware of all things but do not know the price of anything. It is only in the recent past that top management have deem brand to be an important asset to their organization. (Davidson 1998; Ward and Perrier 1998) In simple terms, brand is entity that provides end-users with an added value on the basis based functional performance. All these help distinguish the product or service being offered by a business entity. The four Ps of marketing has been used for a very long time to bring about values associated with a brand (Lancaster 1995; Kotler 1997) As time passed, knowledge possessed by the community that engage in marketing has led to managers being brand leaders. There is recognition of branding strategy as source of competitive advantage in domestic markets (Chaudhuri 2001; De Chernatony 2001; Moore et al 2000).

Persuasive speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Persuasive speech - Essay Example ariety of ways as it infringes on these basic human rights, gives law enforcement officers far too much control in decision-making and assessment, and will dramatically impact internal organizational structure for businesses that actively hire immigrant service workers. First, it is necessary to understand the language of the new Arizona immigration law to recognize why it is unethical. The law states, â€Å"a law enforcement official or agency of this state or a county, city, town†¦may not consider race, color or national origin in the enforcement of the law EXCEPT to the extent permitted by the U.S. or Arizona Constitution† (Tesdahl, 17). This law recognizes fundamental human rights based on similar non-discriminatory principles upheld by federal law. However, by adding the exception to the law, it gives law enforcement officers too much flexibility in the interpretation process of constitutional law. In so many ways, this is an activity that should be determined by experienced legal practitioners in the judicial system. This new law gives local law enforcement officers the ability to conduct traffic stops or background checks for individuals who they believe have illegal status. What is actually amusing about this situation is that race and color should not be considerations, however the majority of illegal immigrants are of non-Caucasian descent and would therefore be targeted simply by their ethnic profile. Further, the law allows officers to make instantaneous decision-making based on their level of understanding of Arizona and Federal Constitutional law. There is no guarantee that such assessments will be founded on knowledge principles pertaining to the law and could cause considerable financial and legal burdens for those improperly assessed and improperly detained for immigration issues. Local governments, such as Phoenix, Chandler and Tucson have previously conducted their law enforcement activities as sanctuaries, where law enforcement personnel has

International Business Strategy term paper Essay

International Business Strategy term paper - Essay Example Nokia and Apple are major smartphone multinationals based in the Finland and the United States respectively with operations in other parts of the world including Asia, Europe and Africa. However, when Apple and Nokia introduced their smartphone products into the United Kingdom, the response was varied and this contributed to the success and failure of the products. While Apple smartphone received a positive review and was widely accepted by the customers in the UK, Nokia smartphone received a negative review and this affected the sales of the products in the UK. Nokia was forced into the drawing board to determine the causes of the failure and evaluate its strategies to enable it reintroduce the product again. In this paper, a comparison of the tow multinationals will be done to determine the factors that contributed to the success and failure of the two multinationals in the sale of their smartphone devices in the United Kingdom (Stevenson, 2012). Nokia, being a Finish based multinationals has had significant impacts in the mobile telephony industry especially in Europe with previous studies indicating its dominance in the overall mobile market. However, the introduction of smartphones by Apple and Samsung pushed the company into venturing into the market in an attempt to protect its hold on European markets. However, the response that the company received from the market did not favour the continued production of the smartphones and this led to the failure of the initiative. A number of factors contributed to the failure of Nokia in the United Kingdom, a market that was predominantly controlled by the multinational before apple introduced its smartphones (Donnelly, 2008). In 2007, Nokia introduced its first iPhone into the European market in a response to the emerging mobile telephony in the region and in other markets

Differing perceptions of new venture failure Essay

Differing perceptions of new venture failure - Essay Example note that the introduction of the venture capitalist brings in new dimensions in the survival of new ventures since within the first 7 years of establishment; only 18 percent of the new ventures fail as compared to 75 percent of non VC funded new ventures. The authors note that research on the factors that cause failures of new ventures is limited due to factors such as difficulty in conducting financial analysis on failed ventures and the reluctance of entrepreneurs to discuss their venture failures. The authors also discuss the factors leading to new venture failures in the perspective of the venture capitalists and the entrepreneurs. Venture capitalists cite factors such as poor management and unfavourable market conditions while the entrepreneurs cite factors such as product factors, financial limitations and managerial problems. All these are discussed in relation to the attribution theory. The argument that the ventures examined represented all the new ventures and that the factors leading to failure as ranked in order of importance by the authors is misleading due to the fact that new ventures and entrepreneurs from other locations may be faced with other factors of failure. It is therefore important to note that applying the results of the study should be done with that fact in mind. The factors may depend on the location and may also be time determined as well as depend on the individual characteristics. An alternative conclusion could therefore be that the success of the new venture will depend on the internal characteristics of the venture. Zacharkis, Andrew Meyer, Dale G. and DeCastro, J. â€Å"Differing perceptions of new venture failure: A matched exploratory study of venture capitalists and entrepreneurs.† Journal of Small Business Management 7.1 (1999):

Evaluate the importance of international trade and Foreign Direct Essay

Evaluate the importance of international trade and Foreign Direct Investment to lift the global economy out of the downturn - Essay Example Moreover, the global nature of the economic crisis has not only had a domino impact on national economies, infrastructure and the retail sector; it has also served as a barrier to quick recovery (United Nations, 2). From a UK perspective, the current financial crisis has reiterated the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) to the UK economy particularly in the current global economic downturn. Indeed, the fact that the UK is currently struggling in its recovery process is further testament to the UK reliance on FDI and international trade (Almond & Ferner: 58) The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment to the lift the global economy out of the current downturn with specific reference to the UK. It is submitted at the outset that international trade and inward investment from FDI is a fundamental cornerstone of the UK economy as it is imperative to the sustainability of the economic strengths of the UK to compete in an increasingly competitive economy as a result of globalisation (Almond & Ferner 58). This argument is further supported if we consider the rationale for the current financial crisis. It is submitted that the immediate trigger was the collapse of the US housing market as a result of the sub prime market disaster upon which the international banking industry had been lending through following trends in the housing market (Ambachtshee et al: 149). Indeed, the United Nations analysis of the global outlook for 2009 asserts that â€Å"in little over a year, the mid-2007 sub-prime mortgage debacle in the United States of America has developed into a global financial crisis and started to move the global economy into a recession† (United Nations 1). Moreover, prior to the sub-prime catastrophe, the significant foreign direct investment in the US and liquidity of the US economy had

Millennium Development Goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Millennium Development Goals - Assignment Example Rwanda is evidence that girl child is possible in every part of the globe, and the use of technology even in the remotest of villages help make education more interactive and practical (Prior & Rubinstein, 2014). Though the MDGs focus on equality of both gender in all sphere of life, education ensures the best platform while it is free and accessible (Prior & Rubinstein, 2014). The battle against poverty is continuing but have fallen short of the MDGs target to get rid of extreme hunger by 2015. There are countries that the report increased cases of malnutrition and death as a result of lack for food and other necessities. Moreover, cases of mothers and child death have been increasing, and women continue to suffer due to gender violence (NBCNEWS, 2013). According to the U.N secretary general the challenges of poverty can be addressed, but only if people agree to the plan of action on how to meet the phenomena poverty, disease and ignorance (NBCNEWS, 2013). NBCNEWS reports that what is important for now is agreeing on an action agenda because the resources and manpower are available (NBCNEWS, 2013). NBCNEWS. (2013). Battle against extreme hunger is falling short. Retrieved from nbcnews.com:

WEEK 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEEK 1 - Coursework Example Laws are necessary because it is almost impossible to put together large groups of people without governing them by a standard set of generally accepted concepts and behavior. Without laws, people will be free to do anything they want without consideration for other people around them. Absence of laws will create inequality, because everyone will merely be governed by â€Å"instincts,† where only the strong and powerful can survive. For example, in history, when the populations of the colonies began to grow, the differences between these colonies grew as well (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 7). These differences, when not contained properly, or channeled effectively, will cause chaos among people and cause deterioration to the structure of a society. The nation was founded on the idea of societal cohesiveness, that is â€Å"one nation, with liberty and justice for all† (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 15). The negative effect of pluralism is the problem of vast differences among people who, despite belonging to different groups, still try to live with each other in peace and order. Differences in ideas, beliefs, and even culture makes it harder to formulate a constitution that is fit and just for everyone involved. Framers of the Constitution recognized that the people are the power (Harr, Hess, and Orthmann 15), and if the people are the power, then there will be several â€Å"powers† to consider when framing the laws that will benefit everyone. From a personal viewpoint, it must have been quite hard to welcome diversity based on the want for equality for all. There must have been a thin line between suppression and exploitation of the differences of each group, and structuring a society that is fit for everyone. In looking at the Boston Tea Party, it could be said that it was a success. It provoke such reaction from Great Britain,which prompted the King to pass â€Å"intolerable acts† to the people. These acts were a) restrictions to town meetings, b)

Could Islamic Banking help avert the financial crisis Essay

Could Islamic Banking help avert the financial crisis - Essay Example Also, the focus will be on the Islamic economy to bring out how such factors will bring stability that the world is in need of (In Ahmed, In Asutay & In Wilson, 2014). The world could be in the midst of financial crisis which puts a lot pressure on the world’s economic recession. Islamic credit brought a lot of worries and confusion in that period of 2007 when economic depression was experienced making United States’ markets to rupture. An experience of the economic crisis is very threatening in that it brings into a stand still all the economic development due to increased prosperity and employment especially in the western economies and more so this leads into too much loss in the world economy (Kettell, 2011). Examining this topic will help in the understanding and appreciating of the roles of banking in diverse backgrounds (Kim & McKenzie, 2010). This can help borrow some knowledge in terms of rules and regulation that govern the banking activities in Arabic countries which can then be implemented in our banks. For example, Islamic banking holds fast on the principles of Sharia Law in which it is characterized by prevention of interest application on the loans given, and more so limiting excessive financial speculation (In Ahmed, In Asutay & In Wilson, 2014).The study of this topic gives me an understanding of international finance in that it gives the major causes of financial crisis, it impacts and also its effects (El, 2011). The financial crisis of 2007 had two major effects to the United States. First is that banks were unwilling to give or lend money which in turn increased the prices of borrowing. For example, the bonds that had been issued against different mortgages turned down $1.9 billion, in just a year, to $500 million in the year 2008 (Venardos, 2010). Second is that very many financial institutions became devastated, especially in the private finance initiative industry, single-line insurers

The Hyundai Group Essay Example for Free

The Hyundai Group Essay The strikes of 1987 found their main base amongst workers in heavy industry, especially in Ulsan, the centre of Hyundai’s operations in South Korea. I II. Background of the study The Pressure built up during the harsh years of military dictatorship, economic boom, and management style had caused several labor strikes. For thirty years, South Korea had been ruled by a military dictator and growing calls for democracy had echoed through the 1970s and early 80s. South Korea’s economic boom put Hyundai in a position wherein their strategy of low wages and hard work were no longer suffice in the face of rising competition from other developing nations and swelling demands from the country’s more independent youth generation. At Hyundai, employees viewed the owners’ style as authoritarian in which the consensus is what the boss says it is. Also, company had created an image that was unwilling to change with the times. IV. Point of view Chung Ju Yung: The founder of Hyundai, he is willing to tackle the impossible and unwilling to accept â€Å"no† from subordinates. Hyundai Workers: They want better working conditions and environment. They have been looked down on in Korea. They don’t have voices in management decisions and experienced erratic job schedules with lower wages. V. Objectives 1. To improve the management style and cope with changes along with time. 2. To address the dispute between the management of Hyundai and its workers, such that the result will provide a positive sum that will satisfy both parties’ concern. VI. SWOT analysis Strengths: 1.The Hyundai group makes a wide range of products. 2.The company’s chairman is very persistent. 3.Workers are disciplined, para-military, single-minded, and self-sufficient machine. 4.The company has a good reputation. 5.The company has low cost of production thereby low-priced products. Weaknesses: 1.Authoritarian leadership style 2.Top management is not committed to high-tech. 3.The company adopted paternalism corporate management. 4. Labor union issues Opportunities: 1.Large market share 2.Potential market for ASEAN Threats: 1.Rising competition 2.High dependency on exports 3.Technology gap to advanced countries VII. Alternative courses of action A.Go. Give an increase in labor wages by 28% and recognize labor union. Advantages: 1.Workers’ rights are protected. 2.Higher wages encourage employees to work. 3.Voices of employees are heard with the formation of labor union. Disadvantages: 1.Additional costs are incurred in the part of Hyundai. 2.Lessen the flexibility of workers. 3.Workers may demand follow-up increase in their wages. B. No Go. Do not give an increase in labor wages and do not recognize labor unions. Advantages: 1.No additional costs will be incurred regarding labor wages. 2.Employees cannot easily complain. Disadvantages: 1.Employees will continue their labor stike. 2.Employees remain unsatisfied with the current wage. 3.They will not be motivated to work hard. 4.The company’s operation will continue to be interrupted and demand for products is not met. C.Encourage participative management style, recognize labor union and increase workers’ wages and adjust working hours. Advantages: 1.Employees’ satisfaction and commitment to work. 2.With the formation of labor union, workers’ right are protected. 3.Participative management style allows the voices of employee to be heard. 4.Workers tend to be loyal to the organization. Disadvantages: 1.Costly. An increased in labor wages lessens company’s profit. 2.Shortening working hours reduce production output. 3.Labor unions can limit the flexibility of workforce. VIII. Recommendation Alternative C which is to encourage participative management style, recognize labor union and increase workers’ wages and adjust working hours is considered as the best alternative course of action. With this alternative, the demands of the workers are satisfied as well as those of the management. Participative management style allows the interchange of ideas between the management and workers. Workers’ rights are protected because of the formation of labor unions. Moreover, operations in Hyundai will be stabilized. IX. Conclusion Hyundai played a vital role in Korea’s economic development, and that was intricately interdependent with a number of other forces such as government, economic and non-economic factor. The authoritarian type of government greatly influenced businesses as shown in the management style of the Hyundai’s founder Chung Ju-Yung. The call for change in management style, higher salary increase and demand for respect caused the workers to rebel. Participative management style, creation of labor union, increased in wages and shortening working hours answer the said problem. The solution benefited the workers and the management. X. Courses of action Government actions are beyond the control of Hyundai’s management. The degree of respect demanded by workers varies individually.

Mental health programs Essay Example for Free

Mental health programs Essay Community health programs based in churches have been highly successful, although occasionally confusing and stressful for pastors to administer. However, it is not only physical health programs which have thrived; mental health and chemical dependency programs are an important supplement to church ministry and community service. Thompson and McRae argue that the Black church itself offers a positive therapeutic effect to its congregation, even without a formal mental health ministry in place. They discuss the historical basis for the Black church’s creation of community; the creation of the â€Å"we† group rather than the individual â€Å"I† and the need for belonging with a group, rather than to a group (41). They state â€Å"Embedded within the individual were past experiences, traditions, values, and norms for emotions, cognitions, and behaviors conducive to relatedness and â€Å"interpersonalness† that reflected a collective sense of belonging with rather than to, caring, similar others (Thompson McRae, 41). † The Black church, in Thompson and McRae’s view, has created a bridge for the gap between the historic slave experience and the modern Black experience which helps ease the mental transition between worlds, and created a framework for dealing with hostility. They state â€Å"The Black church nurtures the survival of its members through providing a supportive, caring environment to facilitate an ever-widening upward spiral of positive cognitive, affective and behavioral outcomes for growth and change (Thompson McRae, 46). † While the mere fact of church fellowship has a positive effect on its members, Black church involvement in formal mental health ministry programs has a significant impact on its members as well. Blank discussed the importance of mental health care within the church setting. They state that there are four areas of community care considered most effective in the church setting. These are primary care delivery, mental health, health promotion and disease promotion and health policy. Their review of studies underscored the importance of natural helpers (friends and extended family), lay helpers and most especially church leaders in the delivery of mental health care through an informal care system. Blank discussed the state of mental health care in the rural South in the 1970s; the population was discovered by researchers studying psychiatric utilization and morbidity in the area to be underserved, despite the general view that rural life was superior to urban. The problems contributing to low psychiatric utilization are complex; problems with service delivery, low quality of care (especially among minority patients) and lack of providers are entangled with social stigma surrounding psychiatric care, economic and social factors, geographic distance from providers, poverty, race and class issues to create a morass of issues a patient must slog through to acquire psychiatric care. Blank notes that at the time of the study, most counties lacked a single doctoral-level mental health professional; only 3% of licensed psychiatrists practice in the rural South, a number which has not changed significantly since the 1970s. In addition to the socioeconomic issues with receiving psychiatric care in the rural South, there are further problems relating to doctor-patient relations. Some theorists state that white mental health care providers cannot provide optimal care to Black patients because of their lack of knowledge and understanding of Black history and culture, as well as a lack of understanding of the difficulty of being Black in a white world; furthermore Black patients are less likely to trust white care providers due to racial tensions and differences in worldview (Blank , 1668). Instead, Black patients are considered to have a preference for Black care providers. While some studies have shown that Black patients do prefer Black care providers, stated reasons for this preference are a perception of greater professional competence and attitude, as well as racial and cultural compatibility (Blank , 1668). Blank emphasize the importance of sensitivity and cultural competence; it can lead to a greater understanding of non-normative minority behavior as well as an increase in trust levels between provider and patient which increase the possibility of a successful outcome. Blank discusses the cultural responsiveness hypothesis, which states that the effectiveness of psychotherapy is directly related to the therapist’s ability to communicate an understanding of the patient’s cultural background. Lack of this cultural responsiveness might account for some of the racial divide in diagnosis, treatment and premature termination of treatment observed between Black and white psychiatric patients (Blank, 1669). Blank hypothesized that rural churches provide fewer social and mental health services than urban churches, and that they have fewer links with the formal care system; furthermore, because of the importance of the church in the Black community and the historic exclusion of Black from formal care systems (schools, mental health services, etc), Black churches would provide more social and mental health services than white churches, but with fewer links to the formal care system (1669). Blank tested their theory using a phone survey of Black and white church leaders in both rural and urban areas in the South (defined in their study as Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missisippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia (Blank, 1670)). A total of 2,867 churches were targeted, with a total of 269 completed interviews, or an overall participation rate of just under 10% (Blank, 1670). Rural Black churches, the targeted demographic, were actually least likely to participate in the study, with only a one in fourteen survey completion rate; the researchers cited lack of full-time staff creating difficulties reaching church leaders and a high rate of church leader refusal as factors in this low completion rate (Blank, 1670). The researchers discussed topics such as church demographics, including size and racial composition of the congregation, number of services held and attendance at the services, the church budget and founding date; problems the church’s congregants faced that the church leader considered to be most important; specific questions about mental health services provided by the church or church leader, including such issues as depression, paranoia, nervous breakdown, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and attempted suicide; What type of support services were offered formally by the church to deal with these types of issues; and what links to the formal care system, including hospitals, care providers and support services like Alcoholics Anonymous existed, and if links existed to what level church leaders provided referrals to the formal care system (Blank, 1669). The researchers then constructed four different scales on which to rank the churches: Problems, which quantified the degree to which responding churches dealt with mental health problems over the previous two years; Programs for Adults, which quantified the number of mental health programs offered by the church, including those dealing with alcohol and substance abuse, marital counseling, sex education and counseling, domestic violence and sexual assault; Programs for Children, which quantified programs specifically aimed at support for children, including individual and family support services; and finally Programs for Teenagers, which quantified programs specifically aimed at support for teens. Referrals, both in and out, were also quantified (Blank, 1670). Statistical analysis using factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the correlation between the varying factors. The researchers found some surprising differences in funding – when adjusted for congregation size, rural white churches had substantially larger budgets than rural Black churches, and urban Black churches also had significantly larger budgets than the rural Black churches (Blank, 1670). However, both urban and rural Black churches were shown to offer significantly higher numbers of mental health programs overall than their white counterparts. There were no statistically significant variables in the study of links between referrals, but the modal response among churches overall was 0, indicating that all churches tend to lack links with the formal care system (Blank, 1671). Blank extrapolate concerning the possible reasons for lack of links between the formal care system and the informal care system provided by churches. They note that one of the difficulties may be historical in nature; because churches are often divided among racial and ethnic lines, there may be barriers to connection between the formal care system and churches precipitated by racial and ethnic tensions. Additionally, because churches have played a role as a political entity in the past, there may be lingering social tensions between churches and formal care systems which prevent these roles. (Blank, 1671). Another barrier may be the different paradigms of the formal care system and the church regarding the nature, causes and treatment of mental health problems.

Heterocycles: Types and Biosynthesis

Heterocycles: Types and Biosynthesis Heterocycles1 are one of the major classes of organic compounds. They are cyclic compounds containing one or more heteroatom (oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc.). These compounds are of biological and industrial importance. Many materials that are essential to life include a heterocyclic moiety; examples of these are: amino acids, nucleic acids, pigments, vitamins, antibiotics and many more. Heterocycles are part of our everyday life and are present in: drugs, dyes, pesticides and plastics.2, 3 Most common heterocycles are five or six membered ring; examples of these are pyridine, pyrrole, furan and thiophene (Figure 1). It is also possible to find two or more of them fused together to give even more complex structures.4 Figure 1: Common heterocyclic structures Many heterocyclic compounds are biosynthesised by plants and animals and hence have biological activity. These include as the haem group in the blood, and the chlorophylls ,essential for photosynthesis, both of these are essential to life.5 Examples of heterocycles used in the pharmaceutical industry include the pyridine based anti-AIDS-virus drug Nevirapine6, or the vasodilator Nicorandil for the treatment of angina (Figure 2).7 Figure 2: Example of heterocyclic drugs Pyrimidines are an important class of heterocycles that are essential to life and biologically and pharmacologically active. Cytosine, thiamine, uracil, adenine, guanine are the nitrogen bases that are present in both DNA and RNA (Figure 3); derivatives of these have been used to form the core of drug molecules, due to their ability to selectively interact with the human body.3, 7 Figure 3: Pyrimidines 2. Synthesis of heterocycles There are various traditional pathways leading to high yielding heterocyclic synthesis. Two of the most common are: Fischer-indole1, 8 synthesis and a Hantzsch synthesis to obtain the pyridines. Fisher-indole synthesis (Scheme 1) has been the most important method for the preparation of substituted indoles. It involves the formation of an imine 1.3 from a hydrazine 1.1 and a ketone 1.2. This will then tautomerise to give a enamine 1.4 that will subsequently undergo a [3,3] Cope rearrangement and form a di-imine 1.5, that will then aromatise. The aromatised amine 1.6 will undergo further intramolecular cyclisation to give the indoline 1.7 which will also aromatise to give the second ring system of the indole 1.8.4, 7 Scheme 1: Fischer-indole synthesis of indoles The Hantzsch1, 8 synthesis (Scheme 2), is a three component reaction, which firstly involves an aldol condensation of a diketone 2.1 with acetone 2.2. This is then followed by a conjugate addition of another equivalent of a diketone 2.1 to give a tetraketone 2.4. By adding ammonia it will lead to the formation of an imine and enamine component 2.5, which will subsequently react with sodium nitrate and acetic acid to aromatise to give pyridine 2.6.9 Scheme 2: Hantzsch synthesis of pyridines These two synthetical techniques have been greatly utilised however they have their downsides; which range from the need for high temperatures, large amounts of stoichiometric reagents, as well as the poor accessibility of the starting materials. This has therefore driven research for the discovery of new methodologies for an efficient route for the synthesis of heterocycles and their derivatives. A wide range of new heterocyclic synthetic routes using metal cross coupling reactions have arisen in particular utilising palladium as catalyst10, examples which are considered in the section below. 2.1. Synthesis of indole heterocycles using catalysis A palladium catalysed Fisher indole synthesis has been discovered by Wagaw et. al.. It involves the cross coupling of an aryl bromide and a hydrazone. This palladium catalysed reaction has proven to be very versatile in respect to the functionality of both the reagents used. The addition of the p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate hydrolyses imine 3.3 therefore liberating the hydrazine which will subsequently react with a ketone to give a hydrazone. This will then undergo standard Fischer-indole process to produce 3.4 (Scheme 3).11 Scheme 3: Palladium catalysed Fischer-indole synthesis 2.1.1. Palladium catalysed reactions Palladium catalysed reactions have been regularly used in both academic and industrial synthetic chemistry laboratories as an important method for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. These have been heavily applied in the synthesis of pharmaceutically and biologically important molecules.1, 12 Many palladium catalysed reactions go through a similar catalytic cycle. The catalytic species can be formed in situ by using a palladium source such as Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 or Pd(OAc)2 with the addition of an appropriate ligand. By choosing the correct ligand this can improve two steps in the catalytic cycle; oxidative addition and reductive elimination.13 A common feature of these catalytic process (Scheme 4) is the formation of aryl/alkyl Pd(II) intermediates which will then be functionalised to form C-C or C-Heteroatom bonds that are cleaved off from the metal centre.14 Most of the Pd catalysed reactions undergo the same basic catalytic cycle involving; oxidative addition, transmetallation and reductive elimination. Scheme 4: Palladium catalytic cycle 2.1.2. Palladium catalysed cross coupling reactions Below in Table 1 are described some of the most common palladium catalysed reactions.15-18 Table 1: Palladium catalysed reactions Name of Reaction Suzuki Stille Negishi Hiyama Sonogashira Heck Buckwald-Hartwig Catalyst Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0), Cu(I) Pd(0) Pd(0) Base Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Reagent 1 Reagent 2 R= EWG (eg. NO2, CN, COOR) Product 3. Recent examples of heterocyclic synthesis There are various recent examples of interesting heterocycles synthesis. Large amounts of research covering aspects of C-H activation, atom economy improvements and efficiency with the use of different solvents has been carried out to improve the conditions of the synthesis. An interesting class of heterocyclic moiety is pyrimidines due to their desirable biological activity. Over recent years the pyrimidine system (Figure 4) has been shown to be an important pharmacophore.19 Figure 4: Pyrimidine moiety Pyrimidines are very prevalent in nature; they are the precursors for the nucleoside bases of both DNA and RNA (Figure 3) and are also found in many more natural products such as vitamins and antibiotics. Examples, of this class of heterocycles, are shown below in Figure 5.19 Figure 5: Natural products containing pyrimidine moiety As a result of this long-lasting interest in the pyrimidine moiety as well as in its derivatives in the use as potential drug targets, the synthesis of this heterocyclic ring has been expansively researched.15 Good yielding strategies have been developed primarily on the basis of nitrogen-carbon-nitrogen condensation reactions. An example of this is the Pinner addition (Scheme 5) of guanidines 5.2 and amidine salts to 1,3-diketones 5.1 or their derivatives.20 Scheme 5: Pinner addition for the synthesis of pyrimidines 3.1. Synthesis of ÃŽ ²-Enaminones: an entry into pyrimidines Gayon et. al.21 have demonstrated highly stereoselective synthesis of ÃŽ ²-enaminones via based catalysed rearrangement of propargylic hydroxylamines. ÃŽ ²-Enaminones are versatile compounds that have been used for their pharmacological activity, as building blocks for natural product synthesis and heterocyclic synthesis. The initial discovery showed that propargylic hydroxylamine 6.1 underwent rearrangement to give the Cbz-protected enaminone 6.2 as a single (Z) diastereomer (Scheme 6) which could then be used for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidines. Scheme 6: Base catalysed rearrangement reaction to afford ÃŽ ²-enaminones The reaction mechanism (Scheme 7) starts from the deprotonated aminol 7.2 that is easily formed; this is due to the association of the hydroxyl anions present in solution with the propargylic hydroxylamine 7.1. With the deprotonation takes place at the propargylic position an imine 7.3 is formed this is also because of the elimination of hydroxyl anions which are triggered by the deprotonation itself. Hydroxyl anions add to the imine which will eventually for the allenol 7.4. This can then undergo keto-enol tautomerisation to produce the deprotonated enaminone 7.5. The last step involves proton exchange between another molecule of propargylic hydroxylamine 7.1 and the anionic deprotonated enaminone 7.5 to give the product and another molecule of aminol 7.6. Scheme 7: Mechanism for rearrangement These enaminones proved to be an interesting building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidines. The presence of a nucleophilic nitrogen atom, a double bond and an electrophilic carbonyl provided an different cyclocondensation process to simple Pinner addition on the basis of the addition of an electrophile/nucleophile partner; such as a carboxamide. Scheme 8: Propargylic hydroxylamine to pyrimidines The presence of the nitrogen atom on the enaminone 6.2 is advantageous for an alternative synthetic route for the synthesis of functionalised pyrimidines (Scheme 8) from readily commercially available and inexpensive carboxamides that can give easier access to pyrimidines. 3.2. Synthesis of Pyrazine Heterocycles and their Derivatives Pyridazines have been considered one of the ‘most drugable’ heteroaromatic rings for medicinal purposes.22 Its analogues have proved to be good starting points for developing drugs for various molecular targets and have demonstrated biological activity in many key areas such as obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory pain and many more.22 Abed et al. have recently elaborated a synthesis of novel fused pyridazines by carrying out a diaza-Wittig reaction on 1,3-diketones (Scheme 9).20 Scheme 9: Synthesis of pyrazine heterocycles The work was divided in two parts; the first was the development of a convenient strategy to obtain versatile pyridazines containing an ester group at position 6 as a point of divergence. The latter steps involved the synthesis of pyridazines 9.4 with a ketone group at position 6. Towards this aim, different methods of cyclization techniques were applied which led to the formation of previously not known biheterocyclic compounds. This novel methodology provided an attractive synthesis for fused pyridazines derivatives (9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8).20 The synthesis of functionalised pyridazines 10.4 (Scheme 10) proceeded via a diaza-Wittig reaction (10.3 to 10.4, step b.) affording a convenient and safer method for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. Scheme 10: Synthesis of pyridazines 3.3. Direct imine acylation for heterocyclic synthesis Much attention has been focussed on the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic structure to advance the discovery of novel lead compounds for pharmaceutical discovery. A particularly useful approach is the formation of N-acyliminium ions from the acylation of imines with acid halides and anhydrides. This is a well-known reaction but very little work has previously been carried out to show the full potential of these ring closure reactions.23 Unsworth et. al. has provided a neat ring closing reaction (Scheme 11) by using propylphosphonic acid anhydride 11.3 (T3P) and NEt(iPr)2 for the coupling of aliphatic acids 11.2 (containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur nucleophiles) to imines 11.1. This will generate N-acyliminium ions 11.4 that can easily be trapped intramolecularly by the nucleophilic substituents that are present on the aliphatic acid fragment to form 11.5. Scheme 11: Ring closing reaction for heterocyclic synthesis This methodology has been used by Unsworth for the synthesis of the natural product evodiamine (Figure 6).24 Figure 6: Synthesis of evodiamine 4. Domino reactions A process that involves two or more bond-forming transformations that can take place under the same reaction conditions without additional reagents and/or catalysts, are considered to be domino/tandem reaction.25 In the past decades, synthesis of heterocyclic compounds through new domino reactions has attracted many researches and is still an expanding area.26 The idea of building simple and complex heterocycles starting from very easy and reasonable building blocks using a ‘single pot’ reaction with consecutive transformation taking place, is an attractive tool for synthetic chemists, especially if the synthesis can be used to create multiple stereogenic centres.26, 27 This ‘one pot’ strategy has many advantages; reduction of solvent, waste production, reaction time and atom economy28, all of which are important for developing a more sustainable chemistry. One single reaction can potentially convert an inexpensive material to a highly complex, biologically active heterocyclic molecule.26, 29 For many years the research groups of Valotti and Arcadi have focussed their interests in developing a new synthetic route for the construction of nitrogen-containing heterocycles starting from alkyne derivatives.30 They have focused most of their attention on the synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles by the condensation of ketoalkynes with ammonia.30 Examples of these are shown below in Scheme 12 and show the 5-exo-dig cyclisation reactions of 4-pentynones 12.1 to synthesise polysubstituted and joined pyrrole derivatives 12.2, Ketoalkyne moiety 12.5 in an aromatic framework would allow a 6-endo-dig cyclisation of 5-acetyl-4-alkynylthiazoles 12.6 and 2-acyl-3-alkynylindoles 12.7 to pyrido[3,4-c]thiazole and pyrido[3,4-b]indoles 12.8.31, 32 Scheme 12: Synthesis of pyrrole, pyridine and indole nitrogen containing heterocycles Another example of a tandem reaction for heterocyclic synthesis is the intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones for the formation of cyclic isooxazolidines ( Scheme 13). For example an interesting method has been developed for the generation of the cyclic isooxazolidines frameworks by using cheap and accessible starting material, such as Amaryllicaceae alkaloids, through a 1,2-prototropic shift of oximes. Scheme 13: Tandem reaction for cyclic isooxazolidines Wildman observed that the reaction of 6-hydroxybuphandidrine with hydroxylamine produced a cycloadduct; the reaction occurs by the formation of an intermediate oxime that then undergoes a subsequent 1,2-prototropic shift to give the nitrile oxide that then undergoes an intramolecular [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. 5. Indoles In both nature and drug discovery, a common nitrogen containing heterocycle is indole and its derivatives. These naturally occurring molecules are present in a range of compounds (Figure 7) such as amino acids (tryptophan) and hormones (melatonin) and many others.33 Figure 7: Naturally occurring indoles As indoles are structural components of a large number of biologically active natural compounds, their synthesis and functionalization has been heavily researched, and is a crucial step in the preparation of many pharmaceutical compounds.33 Below, in Figure 8, are a couple of examples of indole containing pharmaceuticals and their applications; Sumatripan used for the treatment of migraine and Arbidol as an antiviral drug.34 Figure 8: Indole containing pharmaceutical compounds Another potential application for indoles is the possible use of indole derived nitrones as spin traps which can be employed as free radical probes for the identification of radicals in chemical and biological systems.35, 36 The pyrroline based 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) followed by the 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-l-pyrroline N-oxide (AMPO) have often been used as nitrene spin traps in the past years (Figure 9).37 The use of spin trapping has gained attention in the recent years and it is currently being used in the investigation of reactive intermediates in the areas of fuel cell research, nanotechnology, catalysis, environmental remediation and photodynamic therapy using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).38 Figure 9: DMPO and AMPO spin traps The main disadvantages with many spin trap nitrones, for example DMPO, is the formation of secondary EPR signals; caused by the formation of other radical species caused by the instability by hydrolysis, decomposition and various other side reactions.37 Also, the slow reactivity of the superoxide radical anion to the nitrones and the short half-life of the spin adducts together, with slow rate of passive diffusion through the cell membran decreases their application in the human body as O2. – probes, unless further modifications can be carried out.38 Variants of the DMPO that contain indole moieties are 1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-isoindole-N-oxide (TMINO) and 1,1-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-isoindole-N-oxide(3-TF-TMINO) (Figure 10) which offer more stability to the oxygen radical adduct.37 Figure 10: Novel spin trap nitrones 6. Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Novel structures related to indoles such as isoindoline and isoindolinone compounds (Figure 11) are still relatively unexplored and have only begun to be explored over the past few years. Figure 11: Isoindoline and Isoindolinone Both of these structures have attracted a large amount of attention as pharmacophores due to their potential physiological and chemotherapeutic activity. These bicyclic models moieties have found a large importance as intermediates in the synthesis of various dugs and natural products.39 The more stable isoindolinones in particular demonstrate fascinting biological properties40, 41 as part of biologically active natural products such as magallanesine as well as drug candidates such as pagoclone shown in Figure 12.42 Figure 12: Isoindolinones as drug candidates The biological activity of isoindolinones has been utilised for the preparation of drugs for treatments in a wide range of diseases (Figure 13) such as: diabetes treatment, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antipsychotic agents, for the modulation of dopamine D receptor, inhibitors of amyloid protein aggregation for the treatment of Alzheimer, selective antagonist of Essential Thromobocythemia (ET) diseases related to the heart and the lungs, melanocortin subtype-4-receptor in the targeting of weight disorder and sexual dysfunction43 and as antileukemic agents.42, 44-46 Figure 13: Isoindolines as drug candidates There have been several methods employed traditionally for the synthesis of these compounds based on use of a wide range of transformation, such as Diels-Alder, Grignard reagents, reductions, Wittig reactions and photochemical reactions. An example of one of them follows in Scheme 14. Scheme 14: One pot synthesis of isoindolinones The traditional routes are usually complex and have proved to be very unsatisfactory due to the low yields and the expensive starting material.39 Most approaches do not provide a large compatibility with many functional groups and suffer from a lack of generality.38, 42 New approaches have arisen in the past decades involving palladium chemistry and lithiation procedure for the synthesis of substituted isoindolinones that have proved to be easier to handle. An example of this is shown below (Scheme 15).47 Scheme 15: Lithiation and substitution

Support of Slavery by the Christian Church Essay -- Slavery Essays

Support of Slavery by the Christian Church The belief in some higher presence, other than our own, has existed since man can recollect. Religion was established from this belief, and it can survive and flourish because of this belief. Christianity, one of several forms of religion that exist today, began sometime during the middle of the first century. Christians believe in a higher presence that they call "God." This belief in God is based on faith, not fact; faith is "unquestioning belief that does not require proof or evidence." (Webster's New World College Dictionary, 1996, p. 487). The belief in God exists primarily for two reasons: It answers the question of why we exist, and it is used to exert moral control over society (religion). The reasons for believing in God hold no true validity. Answering the question of man's existence is irrelevant; it simply cannot be answered. No one knows when life first began on Earth, nor in what form this life took. We simply exist; as far as we know, we always have existed, and we always will exist. (Wallace, 1994). The church claims God is the reason we exist, and this gives the church cause for exerting unnecessary moral control over society. All societies must have a set of rules, or laws, by which they are governed, to prevent anarchy. We must have some form of government, but our laws must come from the people up, not from God down. The government provides necessary control over society; morals should be left to the individual. The church has always failed to realize this. To suppress individuality is to suppress freedom, and never in our nation's short history was the power of the church and the suppression of freedom more evident than during the era of slavery. Had the chur... ... published in 1857) Lewis, P. (1973). Slavery and anarchy. Radical abolitionism: Anarchy and the government of god in anti-slavery thought (pp.18-54). Ithica: Cornell University Press. Mathews, D. (1980). Religion and slavery: The case of the American south. In C. Bolt & S. Drescher (eds.), Anti-slavery, religion, & reform (pp. 207-230). Hamden, CT: Archon Books. Ritchie, B. (1968). The mind and heart of frederick douglass: Excerpts from speeches of the great negro orator. (pp. 37-63). New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. Ross, F. (1969). Slavery ordained by god. New York: Negro Universities Press. (Original work published in 1859) The holy bible: King james version. (1965). Chicago: Good Counsel. Wallace, F. (1994). The neo-tech dicovery. (p. 32). Neo-Tech Worldwide. Webster's new world college dictionary. (1996). (p. 487). New York: MacMillan USA.

Proctor versus Dimmesdale in Millers The Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Proctor vs Dimmesdale In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the characters John Proctor and Arthur Dimmesdale are victims of the puritan ethics of Moderation and Unvarying Faith. These ethics are reflected in the way that they are forced to act like everyone else, resulting in a feeling of being trapped, as well as internal and physical torture, which led to their eventual demise. Hawthorne’s character Arthur Dimmesdale is the epitome of what a puritan should be. He is a minister—a man of God— yet despite his position, this perfect man has one dark secret: he is an adulterer and the father of an illegitimate child. This one sin is more than he can bear, for although he has many times repented, he feels he is not entirely forgiven. His sin is such that if it were to be found, his reputation would be torn apart. After many years of hiding his secret and being burdened by it he can no longer hold it inside. This is the reason he goes to the scaffold one night: in hopes to alleviate his guilt by â€Å"publicly† showing that he has committed a crime. His remorse is so deep and constant, that it has actually changed him. At nights he whips himself, hoping to gain salvation again, but in his mind he gains nothing. â€Å"Crime is for the iron-nerved, who have their choice their choice either to endure it, or, if it press too hard, to exert their fierce and savage strength for a good purpose, and fling it off at once! This feeble and most sensitive of spirits could do neither, yet continually did one thing or another which intertwined, in the same inextricable knot, the agony of heaven-defying guilt and vain repentance.† (Hawthorne, 134.) And although it seems his remorse cannot go deeper than it already is, Dimmesdale begins to realize how his parishioners must see him. He is supposed to be an honest man, but in hiding his sin, he begins to see himself as a hypocrite. â€Å"What can a ruined soul, like mine, effect towards the redemption of other souls?—or a polluted soul towards their purification? And as for the peoples reverence, would that it were turned to scorn and hatred!† (Hawthorne, 172.) Clearly Dimmesdale is worried about the reaction of the congregation if they were to discover his sin. This is a perfect example of Moderation, everyone has to act holy, without sins and mistakes, otherwise be condemned to the scaffold and public humiliation†¦or worse.

The Qatar Islamic Arts Museum Essay -- Art

Introduction: In this research paper I am going to inform you about the desk research I carried out dealing with a service related organization. The organization I have chosen for my assignment is Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum. It is beyond questioning that I have chosen such an organization for various reasons. It is deeply related to the tourism, hospitality and leisure industry. Besides this, it is a major contributor to the current development of the cultural and entertainment sector in the state of Qatar. Furthermore, QIM is meant to bring in more tourists into Qatar. One more thing, Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum is considered as home to the World's largest collection of Islamic art. To cut it short, Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum represents the largest museum that is mainly dedicated to Islamic art in the world. In this respect, it is of paramount interest to shed lights on the key aspects about the history of such a unique museum, its legal form as an organization, specify its mission and vision, describe the environmental factors that influence it and identify the products and or services that it offers. Environmental factors: The birth of the Islamic Arts Museum can be seen as an intelligent and thoughtful plan to fulfill the vision and mission of Qatar Museums Authority (QMA). The QMA is the official body in charge of the management of all the various museums in the State of Qatar. Thanks to Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum, Qatar Museum Authority (QMA) managed to be" a global leader in the world of museums, art and heritage". As for its mission, Qatar Museum Authority is seriously preoccupied with developing, promoting and sustaining museums, art and heritage at the highest global standards for community engagement and edu... ...http://www.myownbusiness.org/s4/#2 Business, M. (2012).what types of business organizational is best for you? . Retrieved December 16, 2011, from My own business: http://www.myownbusiness.org/s4/#2 Neologix, C. (2000). Qatar's Imposing Islamic Arts Museum. Retrieved December 19, 2011, from Qatar Visitor http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=415&pID=1281 Ouroussoff, N. (2008). Pei's Doha museum reflects splendor of Islamic art . Retrieved December 19, 2011, from NY times : http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/world/africa/23iht-art.1.18063805.html Shore, W. (2011).Living and working in Qatar. Retrieved December 18, 2011, from Which off shore http://www.whichoffshore.com/city-guides/qatar Times, N. (2011). Legal form of business Organization. Retrieved December 19, 2011, from about.com: http://biztaxlaw.about.com/od/businessorganizationforms/a/legalbizforms.htm The Qatar Islamic Arts Museum Essay -- Art Introduction: In this research paper I am going to inform you about the desk research I carried out dealing with a service related organization. The organization I have chosen for my assignment is Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum. It is beyond questioning that I have chosen such an organization for various reasons. It is deeply related to the tourism, hospitality and leisure industry. Besides this, it is a major contributor to the current development of the cultural and entertainment sector in the state of Qatar. Furthermore, QIM is meant to bring in more tourists into Qatar. One more thing, Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum is considered as home to the World's largest collection of Islamic art. To cut it short, Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum represents the largest museum that is mainly dedicated to Islamic art in the world. In this respect, it is of paramount interest to shed lights on the key aspects about the history of such a unique museum, its legal form as an organization, specify its mission and vision, describe the environmental factors that influence it and identify the products and or services that it offers. Environmental factors: The birth of the Islamic Arts Museum can be seen as an intelligent and thoughtful plan to fulfill the vision and mission of Qatar Museums Authority (QMA). The QMA is the official body in charge of the management of all the various museums in the State of Qatar. Thanks to Qatar's Islamic Arts Museum, Qatar Museum Authority (QMA) managed to be" a global leader in the world of museums, art and heritage". As for its mission, Qatar Museum Authority is seriously preoccupied with developing, promoting and sustaining museums, art and heritage at the highest global standards for community engagement and edu... ...http://www.myownbusiness.org/s4/#2 Business, M. (2012).what types of business organizational is best for you? . Retrieved December 16, 2011, from My own business: http://www.myownbusiness.org/s4/#2 Neologix, C. (2000). Qatar's Imposing Islamic Arts Museum. Retrieved December 19, 2011, from Qatar Visitor http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=415&pID=1281 Ouroussoff, N. (2008). Pei's Doha museum reflects splendor of Islamic art . Retrieved December 19, 2011, from NY times : http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/world/africa/23iht-art.1.18063805.html Shore, W. (2011).Living and working in Qatar. Retrieved December 18, 2011, from Which off shore http://www.whichoffshore.com/city-guides/qatar Times, N. (2011). Legal form of business Organization. Retrieved December 19, 2011, from about.com: http://biztaxlaw.about.com/od/businessorganizationforms/a/legalbizforms.htm

Honors English- Animal Farm Essay

Fhorest Padilla #209156Padilla 1 Honors English- Animal Farm Essay 2/10/10 The Failure to Improve Society ultimately becomes what it hates the most in order to continually keep moving forward into the future. This is the same for the animals in Animal Farm; they have human aspects in order to give a better understanding even though animals dislike humans. The animals are failing to make living like humans better than the humans do. Lifestyle of the pigs is far better than any of the other animals on the farm and it is seemingly unfair.Although the animal’s lifestyle is improving, it still seems that all the other animals are not being given the same treatment as the pigs have. The commandments are a model for all the animals to follow, but they are not really needed. On Animal Farm â€Å"the commandments are being written on the [tarred] wall with great white letters† (Orwell 24). The seven commandments be seen as a dynamic character because of their change in meaning o r what they are thought to mean, but are changing because of Squealer’s propaganda.With this the genre of Animal Farm is also the best example of what Stalin is doing in Russia. Although something may not be evenly in comparison there is a greater reason behind it. Boxer is the strongest and hardest working of all the animals, but he is also one that is least of value to all the pigs. Boxer’s maxims, â€Å"I will work harder(Orwell 125)† is a reminder to all the animals of what he and Animal Farm stands for. The motif of Boxer’s maxim is a perfect example for all the animals to follow.Also the animal’s only real motivation to work harder is that they all do not want Mr. Jones to return. Working hard for anything that has meaning pays off in the end. The success of all the animals has nothing to do with the pigs. â€Å"All animals are working like slaves, except the pigs (Orwell 59). † The windmill is a symbol of life to all the animals; it i s their only reason for living. Napoleon’s analogy of how the farm is now; to how it was when Mr. Jones was on the farm does not make sense. Success is on what is put into it; it is ll on how much effort is put forward. All in all someone or something, like the animals, is unjustly does not have the same equality as others do. The life of the pigs is made better because they make it, but this is not by the choice of the other animals. The pigs abuse their self obtainment of leadership and end up making life even harder for the other animals. All of the animals should be equal, and it has the assumption that they are, but they really are not. Equality is keen and should be properly in use all around the world.

Marketing strategies of state bank of India Essay

2. 2 CHAPTER- 1 COMPANY PROFILE COMPANY OVERVIEW:- State Bank of India (SBI) is a multinational banking and financial services company based in India. It is a government-owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. As of December 2013, it had assets of US$388 billion and 17,000 branches, including 190 foreign offices, making it the largest banking and financial services company in India by assets. State Bank of India is one of the Big Four banks of India, along with ICICI Bank, Punjab National Bank and Bank of Baroda. The bank traces its ancestry to British India, through the Imperial Bank of India, to the founding in 1806 of the Bank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian Subcontinent. Bank of Madras merged into the other two presidencies banks—Bank of Calcutta and Bank of Bombay—to form the Imperial Bank of India, which in turn became the State Bank of India. Government of India owned the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, 3. 3 with Reserve Bank of India taking a 60% stake, and renamed it the State Bank of India. In 2008, the government took over the stake held by the  Reserve Bank of India. History of SBI:- The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century, when the Bank of Calcutta, later renamed the Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint and were the result of royal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when, with the Paper Currency Act, the right was taken over by the Government of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the re-organized banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation. Seal of Imperial Bank of India 4. 4 Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955, the Reserve Bank of India, which is India’s central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 1 July 1955, the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. In 2008, the government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of India’s stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country’s banking regulatory authority. In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, which made eight state banks associates of SBI. A process of consolidation began on 13 September 2008, when the State Bank of Saurashtra merged with SBI. SBI has acquired local banks in rescues. The first was the Bank of Behar (est. 1911), which SBI acquired in 1969, together with its 28 branches. The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore (est. 1942), which had 24 branches. Five years later, in 1975, SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Ba nk, which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State, under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia. The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi, a small moneylender, owned by the Maharaja. The new bank’s first manager was Jall N. Broacha, a Parsi. In 1985, SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala.

Client conceptualization

Session Number: 3 Setting: Office Client's Age: 8 Estimated # of Sessions Required: 15 Case Conceptualization Client History: Client is an eight year old, Caucasian female. The client's mother, age 31 , works out of the home. She in not married or in a relationship at this time. Client's mother is the sole provider for client and her bother, age 10. Client's mother stated that, â€Å"their dad left when she was Just a baby and they have had no contact with him since†. Linnet's mother stated that client's dad would drink beer on a regular basis during he time in which they were married. Client's mother voiced that she and client's father would argue in front of the children before he left, but they were never violent. Client's mother voiced that she does not drink alcohol or take drugs and never has. Client's mother stated that she has never been In Jail or In trouble with the law. The current legal status of client's father is unknown at this time, as he now lives â€Å"out o f state†. Client's mother has never remarried and has not brought any boyfriends around the children.Client's mother stated that client interacts well with her brother, UT â€Å"they start out playing nice then they get rough and someone starts to cry'. Client is going to be in the second grade at a local public school next year. Her grades in school are not consistent, varying from As to As. Client is indifferent about going to school and stated that she â€Å"doesn't care if I have to go or not†. Client goes to a separate class to help her with her math and reading. Client began this last year, and mother states that there has been some improvement. Client does not have many friends at school.She has been suspended for hitting and kicking other dents. When asked why she was aggressive with the other students, client responded, â€Å"they were being mean to me and talking about my kitty. When asked about her pregnancy with the client, her mother responded, â€Å"l h ad a normal pregnancy and was not sick much. I took my vitamins everyday and tried to take care of my self. I had her at 39 weeks and 4 days†. When discussing client's development as a toddler, her mother stated â€Å"she was always a happy toddler, she would get upset when she didn't get her way or her brother took something from her. Present Concerns:The client was brought in to the agency by her mother. Client's mother stated, â€Å"l am worried about her because she plays very rough with her animals and her brother†. Mother stated that client has a difficult time following directions and is aggressive with her words as well. Mother stated that client is â€Å"very aggressive when I OFF up† for no reason at all; it does not take much to anger her. Mother reports that client fights with her brother while at home and does not get along with the neighbors. Actual Core Issues: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CB) seems to be the most appropriate approach to apply to this case.The CB model has great appeal because it focuses on human thought. Human cognitive abilities have been responsible for our many accomplishments so may also be responsible for our problems. By exploring patterns of thinking that lead to self-destructive actions and the beliefs that direct these thoughts, this client can modify her patterns of thinking to improve coping. CB is a type of psychotherapy that is different from traditional psychodrama psychotherapy in that the therapist and the client will actively work together to help the client recover from their mental illness.People who seek CB can expect their therapist to be problem-focused, and goal-directed in addressing the challenging symptoms of mental illnesses. Because CB is an active intervention, one can also expect to do homework or practice outside of sessions. Cognitive Behavior Therapy is usually more focused on the present, more time-limited, and more problem-solving oriented. In addition, patients learn spe cific skills that they can use for the rest of their lives. These skills involve identifying distorted thinking, modifying beliefs, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviorsThe client's mother brought her in for services because of her â€Å"rough† behaviors and aggression. With CB, the therapist will focus on the thoughts that are causing the feelings, which are then causing the behaviors. When others tell the client something that she does not agree with or like, the client has an anger outburst and sometimes uses physical harm on the other person. The aggressive behavior could be triggered by the thought that no one else cares about what she thinks. With the CB model, we can help the client take responsibility for her own actions. When the linen plays rough with her brother, she gets angry and hits him.That behavior is triggered by the thought that client's brother is playing too rough with her and trying to hurt her. Through redirection, the therapist c an work with the client to understand how positive and negative thoughts lead to a specific thought, which then lead to a behavior. When the client is able to understand how her thoughts lead to a specific behavior, and the counselor has helped the client change the direction of her thoughts, the client will be better. When she is able to identify that a thought does to have to a negative reaction, the client will be able to discharge from treatment.Treatment Intervention: The treatment intervention here, should involve the active participation of the client in exploring her thoughts and behaviors. The expectation is that the client can realize how many distorted beliefs she has and help redirect her to healthy thoughts. The client's treatment will focus on thought patterns that cause distress and also on developing more realistic interpretations of events. Delusions are treated by their beliefs and encouraging them to recognize evidence that may have been overlooked, evidence that does not support the belief.The benefit of using CB with this client is that by changing the way she thinks about a situation, the client will be able to control her behavior. The goal of treatment is aimed to help the client become aware of when she makes negative interpretations, and of behavioral patterns, which reinforce her negative thinking. CB will help her develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving to reduce the psychological distress. It will be the counselor's Job to teach the client how to identify distorted cognitions through a process of evaluation. The linen will learn to discriminate between her own thoughts and reality.The end goal is for the client to be able to identify her own unhelpful benefits and prove them wrong resulting in her beliefs changing. The role of the counselor is to help the client solve problems that are of greatest distress. This can be done through a structure that seeks to maximize efficiency, learning, and therapeutic change. Important parts of each session include a mood check, a bridge between sessions, proportioning an agenda, discussing specific problems and teaching skills in the context of solving these problems, setting of self- alp assignments, summary, and feedback.

Intel’s Capital Budgeting Decision in 2013 Essay

An arguable capital budgeting decision in Intel’s Financial Plan 2013 Thursday 17 January 2013, Thomson Reuters, the world’s largest international multimedia news agency, has highlighted some concerns about Intel’s Financial Plan 2013. Noel Randewich, the report’s writer, thought Intel Corporation’s current-quarter revenue forecast disappointed Wall Street analysts. The reason behind is Intel will spend more $2 billion of its increased spending on expanding researching facility. This action is a controversial one because it has feedbacks from different sides. Essentially, one major worry is probably that the predicted personal computer market size is going to be smaller in 2013 while Intel lays a bet on very huge investment. However, Chief Executive Paul Otellini said that modern long-term assets could help Intel maintain the lowest cost as possible. On the other hand, some other Wall street analysts advocate Intel’s decision due to fact that it would be a plus for company ‘s operating efficiency. Intel was founded in 1968 with a vision for semiconductor memory products. It is best known for producing the microprocessors found in many personal computers. The company also makes a range of other hardware including network cards, motherboards, and graphics chips. Yet Intel became reputed after Wintel alliance with Microsoft Corporation, which enabled Intel to possess 80% of personal computer chip market. Back to the new event in the 2013 first quarter, the $2 billion investment on long-term assets belongs to capital budgeting decision type. Undoubtedly, it is very important decision because Intel has to face a great number of effects. The first clear limitation could be that Intel would run the operation under its capacity due to unused space of new plant as well as to the reduced market size. At the same time, another stumbling block might be that its higher fixed cost than previous years unquestionably harms the company’s bottom line. Intel estimated first-quarter revenue of $12.7 billion, plus or minus $500 million whereas analysts expected $12.91 billion for the current quarter. Wall Street analysts assumed that Intel has been making a risk bet for 2013 and Intel should not expand its business while the PC chip market is not growing much. It is very reasonable for those analysts to think like that because Intel now has a absolutely strong competition with other competitors for the new market segment of mobile phone chip making. It has recently entered this market territory in 2012 and its market share for smart phones is less than 1 percent, trailing Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, ARM and others. Therefore the whole market size for Intel is not really large when compared to some previous years. However, Intel’s investment decision definitely holds positive aspects for the reason that the long-term implications of said decision is to keep the cost lowest on a per unit basis owing to the leading edge capacity. Besides this, a second plus point could be Intel has prepared a plan to raise the market share in the whole industry with a new facility of researching future manufacturing technology. It seems to be a sign of innovations, new products, new market share and of course higher returns in 2013. In conclusion, this Intel’s capital budgeting decision is surely a bet but times and the company’s efforts itself will answer us how it can uphold the leading position in chip making industry in 2013 and following years. Works Cited Noel Randewich, Liana B. Baker. â€Å"Intel CEO to retire as chipmaker struggles with mobile.† Reuters.com, 19 Nov 2012. Web. 18 Jan 2013. Noel Randewich. â€Å" Intel weak outlook, spending hikes unnerve Wall Street.† Reuters.com, 17 Jan 2013. Web. 18 Jan 2013. Patrick Darling. â€Å"Intel Reports Full-Year Revenue of $53.3 Billion, Net Income of $11.0 Billion.† Newsroom.intel.com, 17 Jan 2013. Web. 18 Jan 2013. Discussion Questions 1. Are there any different pros and cons for Intel’s capital budgeting decision apart from ones said in the analysis? 2. With this new investment, give the probability that Intel can raise its share more 1% in smart phones chip making market. 3. How can Intel stabilize the profit margin after a huge investment in 2013 first quarter?

North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

North Korea - Essay Example Either way, the result is likely designed to benefit fulfill the interests of the nation in the economic or military front. Liberalism on the other hand can be loosely defined as individual freedom; an ideology stems from the belief that humans inherently are good-natured. Its core values stress on individualism, human rights the right to equal treatment and universal protection of the law without discrimination. From this definition, it is easy to understand why the theory will be hard to inculcate into the Korean, more so, North Korean situation. Firstly, the country is a dictatorship and by virtue of that fact, it means that the ideas of freedom in the convectional democratic sense are not manifested in the governance style. In addition, the leaders have displayed extreme aggressiveness and a determination to go against nearly all the tenets of liberalism both on a local and international scale. North Korea recently threatened to launch a nuclear offensive at the United States of America South Korea and Japan after the US commenced military drills in South Korea (Jack and Louis, 2013). The drills in South were declared an act of war and consequently the North scrapped the armistice treaty that had ended the war between the two nations in the 50s (Park, 2013). It has threatened to strike in the heart of America, which it deem to be about to conduct a nuclear strike as well, that is being used to justify North Koreas irrational action. This begs the question; why is there so much friction between America and North Korea, from a realistic perspective, North Korea likely sees America as a potential threat to its sovereignty and continued independence and freedom. This is evidenced in the fact that whenever the leaders discuss their neighbors South Korea, they use the expression a puppet for the Americans. To the leaders up North, there is no difference between being â€Å"colonized† and co-operating with the American government, in this respect their aggr essiveness towards America can be viewed in terms of their wish to protect their self-interest. Herein emerges the key difference between a realist and liberal understanding of the issue, a liberal mind would assume that peace and cooperation are acceptable if it benefits ones country. Considering the current state of the North Koreas economy, it is beyond any doubt that they stand to gain a lot from co-operating with the international community, that way they can be able to trade freely without the burden of sanctions. The security of America has been continuously threatened by the North Korean, as such (Suri, 2013) their heavy presence in South Korea and is strategic in order to ensure it protects itself and its allies. These moves are interpreted by the Northern side as being potential for war and thus each side in their attempt to safeguard their interests in an environment of mutual distrust fuel the ensuing conflict. It has also been postulated that Koreas aggressiveness is a means of blackmailing the world into sympathizing and giving them the aid they so badly need especially in view of the severe sanctions imposed by the international community. According to Lankov, the North’s main reason for its belligerent statements is not an intention for war but a means of reminding the world that it exists (Lankov, 2013). They will only be able to blackmail believably

Direct and Internet Marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Direct and Internet Marketing - Coursework Example The market target(s) must be identified, the objectives set, the communications strategy formulated, the program implemented and managed, and the results evaluated against performance expectations. We believe if LEXUS Company follow the strategies and try to overcome the mentioned inconsistencies by considering the recommendations, then their position in luxury business world will be more profitable and successful. Lexus has earned a deserving reputation for turning out utterly refined luxury vehicles. The hallmarks of this brand are a calm, well-crafted cabin, a plush ride and commendable performance from powerful, nearly silent engines. It was launched by Toyota in the fall of 1989; the Lexus line represents the company's effort to create a world-class luxury-car brand. Groundwork for the Lexus line was laid in the mid-'80s, when the company began tapping U.S. focus groups in an attempt to define design concepts best suited for American users. Hundreds of prototypes were built and tested on Germany's autobahn and on U.S. roads. In early 1989, Lexus unveiled its first two models-- the entry-level ES 250 and the flagship LS 400. By the early 1990s, the Lexus brand was expanded to other markets, including the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. In the years since its inception, the Lexus brand has distinguished itself time and again in quality and reliability surveys. The brand may not offer as much passion as its informal rivals, but for drivers interested in vehicles that emphasize quality, dependability and consolation, the Lexus Marque can't be beat.1 1-2: Problem Statement: 1. In regards to LEXUS, we have to undertake a critical assessment of the Direct Marketing Strategy. 2. We have to assess and make personal judgment on that official plan. 3. We have to give emphasize on budgeting, timing, and research process. CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH DESIGN 2-1: Methodology: Direct marketing is a sub-discipline of marketing focused on driving purchases that can be attributed to a specific "call-to-action". Direct marketing is different from other marketing efforts by its response in the industry regardless of medium. The term is believed to have been first used in 1961 in a speech by Lester Wunderman, who pioneered direct

Fashion - Ralph Lauren Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion - Ralph Lauren - Annotated Bibliography Example The essay "Fashion - Ralph Lauren" analyzes the book about fashion and Ralph Lauren. To sum up the book, it is quite an enjoyable experience to read this book as it builds up the image of Ralph Lauren in the minds of the readers. The book relates to my research area in that it includes all information about the real life of Ralph Lauren that I can use as supplementary information for my research. In this book, the author has presented Ralph Lauren as a man who changed the perception of people about fashion. The author has used a wide range of primary and secondary references to support the information included in the book. As far as the scope of the book is concerned, the book covers Ralph Lauren in relation to the concept of style and fashion more than his personal life. The book is very useful for my research topic as it includes information about the style and visionary outlook of Lauren that I would really like to include in my paper. There is hardly any major limitation I have f ound for this book except that it includes a little less information about his personal life. To sum up the book, it includes a bundle of information about the vision of Ralph Lauren and the way he has kept the link between the past and the present intact. The book relates to my research area in that it includes information about a great fashion designer whose designs and ideas reflect the overall culture of the United States. The authors tried to identify the dimensions of evaluative criteria during the purchase of branded clothes.

Discuss why adopting a model of social pedagogy for work with children Essay

Discuss why adopting a model of social pedagogy for work with children young people and families may be beneficial. What barriers may there be for implementing this model in the UK - Essay Example The distinct divisions were evident at diverse levels whether conceptual, organizational, professional, and in relation to training and education. Nevertheless, the UK has witnessed significant changes in administrative reorganization of the responsibility for children’s services and a change in the manner in which individuals envision provision for both children and young people (Coussee et al. 2010, p.789). Social pedagogy delineates education in the expansive sense of the word or a perspective entailing social action that aims at facilitating human welfare via child-rearing and education practices; to safeguard or ease social problems by availing individuals with the capacity to cope with life, and effect changes within their circumstances. The fundamental notion of social pedagogy centres on facilitating social functioning, inclusion, involvement, social identity and competence as fully functional members of the society (Petrie et al. 2006, p.19). Social pedagogy in practice incorporates an all encompassing and personal approach to child care in all its facets that connects education and care, and support for families (Kyriacou 2009, p.101). In addition, social pedagogy avails a prospective approach to training at diverse levels that integrates education, psychology, and philosophy with the spheres of child care, family support, and the advancement of children’s rights. Social pedagogy can be viewed as an activity and a collection of ideas that, while mirroring the broader concerns for the welfare of children, is organic and adjustable to the attributes of the society, and mirrors humanistic values grounded in a representation of children as active agents in society (Smith 2012, p.46). As such, social pedagogy operates in â€Å"the here and now† and employs â€Å"the moment† as a launch pad for pedagogical practice. Social pedagogues have been implemented

On the Control People Have Over Their Behavior, Emotions, and Thoughts Essay

On the Control People Have Over Their Behavior, Emotions, and Thoughts - Essay Example If he is in control, just how much control does he have over these aspects of himself? This paper takes the position that we do not know what we are doing in most situations. We are not in control (Armstrong 22-38; Thurman 460-473; Stout 381-398). It is interesting how the different authors portray man. In a way their portrayal also defines what it means for man to be free, and just how free he is in reality. Armstrong, for one, notes that man is not totally free to be anything, because he is hardwired to look for God. He is a religious being as much as he is descended from apes and has that particular anatomy. There in that vision of man there seems to be already a defining and a limiting of what man can be. He is not free to be anything he wants to be. He must by his very nature act, think and feel in accordance with his wiring. That wiring includes looking for God. Thurman also seems to think the same way, in a sense. He says that in essence the ego or the individual is not in con trol of himself, because the ego is always in flux. He is a bundle of passing thoughts, feelings, and actions. Stout seems to say the same thing, in the language of trauma and the human brain. She is saying that trauma, for instance, can affect the way people perceive the world. Trauma changes the way the brain is wired. It is so that people are not in control of the way they react to things that remind them of traumatic events (Armstrong 22-38; Thurman 460-473; Stout 381-398). Discussion Reading Stout, for instance, we come face to face with just how vulnerable man is to trauma. Trauma can reshape the brain itself. With the brain reshaped, a person’s thoughts and feelings are affected. Of course with the thoughts affected and changed in profound ways, actions are likewise reshaped and affected. We see that man can be so affected by trauma as to be unaware that he is acting out of reason, for instance. It can be also that man can be unaware that he is acting out of a reaction to a past traumatic event. How much control does man have in this instance? Obviously man is not much in control. To be aware means to know that one’s actions are coming from a deep-rooted fear. People who experienced trauma sometimes do not know that. They are unconscious of the effect that fear and memory have on their feelings, thoughts and actions: â€Å" †¦ nor do we comprehend how swampy and vitality-sucking some of our memories really are†¦in the course of a lifetime such â€Å"protective† mental reactions acquire tremendous habit strength† (Stout 384).Stout’s point is that there is much in man that he is not even aware of. Those things that he is not aware of largely control him. Those things affect how he feels and how he thinks. Those things affect how he reacts to the world and to his life as that life unfolds. So to the question of whether man knows what he is doing in most situations, it seems the answer from Stout is no. I agree. An ordinary man cannot know what all of his hidden fears are. Sometimes even when he thinks he knows he does not really know why he acts the way he does. Sometimes I feel sad for no reason at all, after hearing an old song, for instance. It may be that deep in my memory there is something about the song that I associate with something sad or unpleasant. It may be even something that I was afraid of at some point that I associate with the song. It may be something traumatic that I cannot fully understand. Armstrong has a

Integration of marketing communications has been a hot topic for the Essay - 1

Integration of marketing communications has been a hot topic for the past 25 years - Essay Example ntrast to views of IMC as nothing other than an inconsequential fad whose popularity is predicated on media hype rather than on its realised, or potential, contribution to marketing communications. Focusing on this debate, this research will begin by defining IMC, following from which it will critically analyse both sides of the issue, ultimately arguing for the long-term value and importance of IMC. â€Å"Integrated communications are like a band. The different communications instruments - advertising, public relations, database marketing, media specialists, sponsorship, interactive, event marketing and the rest - are like different musical instruments: piano, trumpet, trombone, violin, clarinet, percussion and the rest† (Fletcher, 1998, p. 22). Other terms that have been used to describe IMC are â€Å"one-stop shopping,† â€Å"orchestration,† â€Å"seamless communication,† â€Å"whole egg,† and â€Å"the new advertising† (Duncan & Everett, 1993, p. 30). These terms signify the integration of specialized communications functions that previously have operated with various degrees of autonomy. Duncan and Everett argue that the basic concept of IMC is synergy, in which the individual efforts are mutually reinforcing with the resulting effect being greater than if each functional area had selected its own targets, chosen its own message strategy, and set its own media schedule and timing (Duncan & Everett, 1993). Proceeding from the stated, Duncan and Everett (1993) define IMC as â€Å"the strategic coordination of all messages and media used by an organisation to influence its perceived brand value† (p. 35). In comparison, Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn (1993) define IMC as  "a new way of looking at the whole, where once we only saw parts such as advertising, public relations, sales promotion, purchasing, employee communications, and so forth. Its realigning communications to look at it the way the customer sees it - as a flow of information from

Reforms in India after 1991 have generated rapid rates of growth but Essay

Reforms in India after 1991 have generated rapid rates of growth but risk leading to increasing leves of inequality - Essay Example At the same time, the country increased its reliance on the market and restructured the role of government to achieve economic stability (Dreze & Amartya, 1995). India witnessed a change for the better in her economic performance after implementation of policy reforms in 1991. An average growth rate of 0.6 percent was experienced in the decade of 1992-93 to 2001-02, putting the country among the fastest growing, developing nations in the 1990’s. Though, this growth figure was only slightly higher than the average of 5.7 percent in the 1980’s, but it was more stable. Growth in the 80’s was characterized by a built up of external debt which eventually resulted in the crisis of 1991. In comparison, growth in the 1990’s was accompanied by notable external stability; in spite of the economic crisis is East Asia (Dreze & Amartya, 1995). The continued economic growth in India of over 7 percent per annum, despite high international oil prices and consecutive coalition governments, both at the provincial and federal level, has built confidence in the previous attitude towards the reforms. With the exception of a few issues regarding privatization of public enterprises, the reforms are generally appreciated across different political parties of the country. There are however strong apprehensions over the possible influence of the apparent reforms-driven economic growth on the prevalence of poverty (Datt & Ravallion, 1997). There have been arguments that the economic growth observed immediately after the 1991-92 reforms had not played a part in reducing poverty. According to the arguments presented by Datt and Ravallion (1997), while a sharp increase in poverty was witness as the result of the 1991 crisis, the reforms caused poverty to fall back to the pre-1991 levels, thus contradicting the assumption that the reforms brought an organized change in the country’s poverty plane. This argument